三种橡胶树乙烯利刺激剂对柑桔褐腐疫霉的毒力测定

通过含毒介质和橡胶叶片接种的试验方法,测定三种不同载体的乙烯利涂剂(含2％乙烯利)对柑桔褐腐疫霉的抑菌率,结果表明三种乙烯利涂剂均有不同程度的抑菌能力,其中抗病增胶灵抑菌能力最高,效能稳定,持效期长;而以淀粉和甲基纤维素为载体的涂剂抑菌能力较低,效能不稳定,持效期短。     

Synergistic interaction between BABA and mancozeb in controlling<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> in potato and tomato and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudoperonospora cubensis</Emphasis> in cucumber

Spray mixtures consisting of the plant activator BABA (DL-3-aminobutyric acid) and the protectant fungicide mancozeb were significantly more effective than BABA or mancozeb alone in controlling late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato and tomato and downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in cucumber. A mixture composed of 5 parts BABA and 1 part mancozeb (w/w, a.i.) exhibited a higher synergy factor than the 1+1 or the 1+5 (BABA + mancozeb) mixtures. No synergistic interaction was detected between BABA plus mancozeb in controlling sporangial or cystospore germination, nor mycelial growth ofP. infestans in vitro. The results showed enhanced effect of mancozeb in BABA-induced plants, suggesting, therefore, that lower dosages of this fungicide may be sufficient to control late blight or downy mildew under field conditions. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 15, 2003.     

Variable response of open-pollinated seedling progeny of avocado to Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora root rot, caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is the most important disease of avocado (Persea americana Miller). In an attempt to identify root rot-resistant rootstocks that could ultimately be used under conditions in southern Florida, we screened open-pollinated progeny of avocado from the National Germplasm Repository in Miami. From 1996 to 1998, a total of 2,355 seedlings from 51 accessions were examined in potting mix artificially infested withP. cinnamomi. Most seedlings developed severe root rot, but tolerance was observed in some families (i.e., progeny of certain accessions). Although the most susceptible families developed mean disease ratings of up to 97% root necrosis, mean ratings for the most tolerant families were less than 60%. There was also a strong relationship between the racial background of the female parent and the tolerance of seedlings. Seedlings of the West Indian race and hybrids between it and the Guatemalan race were significantly more tolerant than those from other parents (P< 0.05). Individuals in several families developed < 50% root necrosis, the arbitrary standard of tolerance in this study. Twelve families accounted for 82% (188 of 229) of the tolerant seedlings, and only two of these did not have a West Indian or Guatemalan × West Indian pedigree. Broad-sense heritability for PRR tolerance was 0.45. This is the first report on the inheritance of PRR tolerance in avocado and on the influence of genotype and racial pedigree under controlled conditions.     

An Aqueous Extract of the Dry Mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum Induces Resistance in Several Crops under Controlled and Field Conditions

We have examined the effect of Pen, an aqueous extract of the dry mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum, on plant–pathogen interactions. Pen controlled a broad range of pathogens on several crop plants under greenhouse and field conditions. Pen protected grapevine from downy and powdery mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator), tomato from early blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans), onion from downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) and apple trees from apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) to a similar extent as fungicides such as copper and sulphur or well-known inducers such as benzothiadiazole or β-aminobutyric acid. Pen had no major direct fungicidal effect and is thus supposed to protect plants by activating their defense mechanisms. The raw material for extraction of Pen was available in constant quality, a prerequisite for commercial application. Under certain conditions, Pen caused phytotoxic side effects. The symptoms mostly consisted of small necrotic spots or, more rarely, of larger necrotic areas. The development of the symptoms was dependent on several parameters, including concentration of Pen, the number of applications, the persistence on the plant tissue, the plant species and variety and environmental conditions. In grapevine, a partially purified fraction of Pen was much less toxic than the crude Pen extract, but protected the plants to a similar extent against P. viticola. Our data show that Pen has interesting and unique properties as a plant protection agent, but more research is needed to further reduce its phytotoxic side effects.     

安徽省烟草黑胫病菌的交配型及其地理分布研究

 Total 69 isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae were isolated and identified from tobacco black shank samples collected from different areas of Anhui province, and mating types of the oomycete were investigated by the method of partnership culture in vitro on L-tryptophan medium with β-sitosterol. The results showed that A2 mating type was the predominant in isolates of P. nicotianae var. nicotianae, next was A₀ mating type, A₁ and other mating types were not observed. It was suggested that sexual reproduction of P. nicotianae var. nicotianae might not take place frequently, and Anhui province might not be the original center of P. nicotianae var. nicotianae. The results indicated further that mating type geographical distribution of P. nicotianae var. nicotianae in Anhui province was in line with that in China. In addition, the significance of the test results and the possible reason for A₁ mating type being absent were discussed.     

西葫芦根腐病病原的鉴定

通过对所采集的西葫芦根腐病病株进行分离培养,共得到5种病原菌,分属于疫霉菌Phytophthora和镰刀菌Fusarium2个属。经致病性测定,确定引起西葫芦根腐病的主要致病菌为疫霉菌,镰刀菌对西葫芦根腐病的发生有加重作用。经鉴定该致病疫霉菌为烟草疫霉菌(Phytophthora nicotanae),主要致病镰刀菌为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。     

Pathogenicity and RAPD analysis of Phytophthora nicotianae pathogenic to pepper in Tunisia

Nine isolates of Phtophthora nicotianae were isolated from infected pepper plants. Their pathogenicity was studied in Capsicum annuum in comparison with P. nicotianae isolates from tomato and tobacco. The pathogenicity test showed that pepper isolates of P. nicotianae are adapted to their host. Banding patterns obtained by RAPD analysis with six oligonucleotide primers revealed polymorphism that grouped the isolates independently of the plant host. The polygenic dendrogram showed that pepper isolates were more similar to tomato isolates than to tobacco isolates. The RAPD bands of 1300 and 1500 bp, detected with primers OPD-01 and OPD-10, respectively, appeared specific to the most pathogenic pepper isolates. The OPK-08-1950 seems specific to the isolates of P. nicotianae from tomato. These results suggest that host specified might occur in P. nicotianae and that may be due to interspecific hybridization events resulting in novel pathogenic behavior.     

甲霜灵·刺复配剂对棉疫病菌的联合毒力

在实验室条件下，测定了甲霜灵和霜霉威复配剂对棉疫病菌（Phytophthora boehmeriae）的联合毒力。结果表明，复配剂MPA、MPB、MPC对棉疫病菌的DC5。分别为0．0555,0．1044μg／mL和0．0845μg／mL，对照单剂甲霜灵和霜霉威对棉疫病菌的EC50分别为0．0391μg／mL和10．6183μg／mL；联合毒力分析表明，甲霜灵和霜霉威按1：1．5复配有增效作用，按1：1和1．5：1复配有相减作用。     

丁吡吗啉对致病疫霉的作用机制初探

丁吡吗啉(pyrimorph)是一种结构新颖的杀菌剂,室内生物测定结果表明,其对致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans的菌丝生长、孢子囊产生、休止孢萌发具有较强的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为0.066、0.059和0.550 μg/mL,但对游动孢子释放的抑制作用较弱,其EC50值为 9.78 μg/mL。显微镜下观察结果表明,经丁吡吗啉处理后的菌丝分枝相对较少,分枝间距拉长,但对 菌丝直径无影响;从致病疫霉对番茄叶片的侵染过程来看,丁吡吗啉浓度为100 μg/mL时,处理24 h后在叶片表面只能看到少量休止孢萌发,96 h后未产生孢子囊。丁吡吗啉在1 μg/mL和10 μg/mL 时对菌丝体细胞膜的电导率无影响,但当浓度为50 μg/mL时其电导率值明显上升;初步测定结果表明,在100 μg/mL浓度下,其对致病疫霉菌丝体的蛋白质合成有一定的抑制作用,但对其菌丝体内的DNA合成没有明显的抑制作用。